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Libratus is an artificial intelligence computer program designed to play poker, specifically heads up no-limit Texas hold 'em. Libratus' creators intend for it to be generalisable to other, non-Poker-specific applications. It was developed at Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh.
Introduction
Crazy 4 Poker is a poker variation invented by Roger Snow and is marketed by Shufflemaster. It has been around since about 2004 and one of the more successful poker-based casino games.
All players use exactly two cards from their four hole cards in conjunction with exactly three cards from the board to make the best five-card poker hand possible. The pot is divided between the best hand for high and the best hand for low - hence the name, Omaha Hi/Lo. PokerTracker is an online poker software tool to track player statistics with hand history analysis and a real time HUD to display poker player statistics directly on your tables. Crazy 4 Poker Introduction. Crazy 4 Poker is a poker variation invented by Roger Snow and is marketed by Shufflemaster. It has been around since about 2004 and one of the more successful poker-based casino games.
Video Tutorial
Video uses our practice Crazy 4 Poker game.
Rules
- Play starts with the player making equal bets on the Ante and Super Bonus. The player may also bet on the Queens Up side bet at this time.
- Following is the ranking of hands from highest to lowest:
- Four of a kind.
- Straight flush
- Three of a kind
- Flush
- Straight
- Two pair
- Pair
- Four singletons
- All player and dealer get five cards each.
- The player decides to fold or raise by making a Play wager.
- If the player folds he forfeits all bets.
- The Play bet may be up to three times the Ante bet if the player has at least a pair of aces. Otherwise, the Play bet must be exactly equal to the Ante bet.
- Players make their best four-card poker hand, and discard the fifth card.
- After all decisions have been made, the dealer will turn over his cards and select the best four out of five.
- The player's hand shall be compared to the dealer's hand, the higher hand winning.
- For purposes of the Ante bet only, the dealer needs at least a king high to open.
- The Ante bet pays as follows:
- Dealer does not open: Ante pushes.
- Dealer opens and player wins: Ante wins.
- Dealer opens and ties: Ante pushes.
- Dealer opens and wins: Ante loses.
- The Play bet pays as follows:
- Dealer does not open: Play wins.
- Dealer opens and player wins: Play wins.
- Dealer opens and ties player: Play pushes.
- Dealer opens and wins: Play loses.
- The Super Bonus bet pays as follows. It is not pertinent whether or not the dealer opens.
- Player has straight or higher (beating dealer not required): Super Bonus wins according to pay table below.
- Player has less than straight and wins or pushes: Super Bonus pushes.
- Player has less than straight and loses: Super Bonus loses.
Super Bonus Pay Table
| Player Hand | Pays |
|---|---|
| Four aces | 200 |
| Four 2-K | 30 |
| Straight flush | 15 |
| Three of a kind | 2 |
| Flush | 1.5 |
| Straight | 1 |
Strategy
Optimal strategy would be tedious and complicated memorize. However, the player can get extremely close to it with this simple strategy. Follow the first rule to apply.
- Make large raise when allowed (with pair of aces or higher).
- Make small raise with K-Q-8-4 or higher.
- Fold all other.
The increase in house edge with the KQ84 strategy, compared to optimal, is 0.000089%.
Analysis
The next table shows the return of the Ante bet under optimal player strategy.
Ante Bet
| Event | Pays | Combinations | Probability | Return |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Win | 1 | 1,415,369,375,148 | 0.355028 | 0.355028 |
| Push | 0 | 473,003,972,892 | 0.118647 | 0.000000 |
| Loss | -1 | 2,098,272,755,400 | 0.526325 | -0.526325 |
| Total | 3,986,646,103,440 | 1.000000 | -0.171298 |
The next table shows the return of the Play bet under optimal player strategy. A win of 0 also includes folding, in which case a raise bet was never made.
Raise Bet
| Win | Combinations | Probability | Return |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 671,609,661,948 | 0.168465 | 0.505394 |
| 1 | 1,215,649,215,684 | 0.304930 | 0.304930 |
| 0 | 938,265,298,824 | 0.235352 | 0.000000 |
| -1 | 1,093,014,959,196 | 0.274169 | -0.274169 |
| -3 | 68,106,967,788 | 0.017084 | -0.051251 |
| Total | 3,986,646,103,440 | 1.000000 | 0.484904 |
The next table shows the return of the Super Bonus bet under optimal player strategy.
Super Bonus Bet
| Event | Pays | Combinations | Probability | Return |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Four aces | 200 | 73,629,072 | 0.000018 | 0.003694 |
| Four 2-K | 30 | 883,548,864 | 0.000222 | 0.006649 |
| Straight flush | 15 | 3,178,321,608 | 0.000797 | 0.011959 |
| Three of a kind | 2 | 89,974,725,984 | 0.022569 | 0.045138 |
| Flush | 1.5 | 175,813,952,424 | 0.044101 | 0.066151 |
| Straight | 1 | 156,167,261,712 | 0.039173 | 0.039173 |
| Push | 0 | 1,485,273,310,140 | 0.372562 | 0.000000 |
| Loss | -1 | 2,075,281,353,636 | 0.520558 | -0.520558 |
| Total | 3,986,646,103,440 | 1.000000 | -0.347795 |
The next table summarizes the Ante, Play, and Super Bonus bets. The sum shows the player can expect to lose 3.48% for every hand played, compared to the size of his Ante (or Super Bonus) bet. For example, if the player started with $10 on both the Ante and Super Bonus, then he could expect to lose 34.8¢, assuming optimal strategy.
Summary
| Bet | Return |
|---|---|
| Ante | -0.171298 |
| Raise | 0.484904 |
| Super Bonus | -0.347795 |
| Total | -0.034189 |
The next table shows the net overall win between the Ante, Play, and Super Bonus under optimal player strategy.
Net Win
| Win | Combinations | Probability | Return |
|---|---|---|---|
| 204 | 56,580,432 | 0.000014 | 0.002895 |
| 203 | 17,048,640 | 0.000004 | 0.000868 |
| 34 | 764,060,808 | 0.000192 | 0.006516 |
| 33 | 119,340,480 | 0.000030 | 0.000988 |
| 26 | 147,576 | 0.000000 | 0.000001 |
| 19 | 2,708,500,216 | 0.000679 | 0.012908 |
| 18 | 467,451,204 | 0.000117 | 0.002111 |
| 15 | 239,544 | 0.000000 | 0.000001 |
| 11 | 2,130,644 | 0.000001 | 0.000006 |
| 6 | 75,428,689,424 | 0.018920 | 0.113522 |
| 5.5 | 140,729,630,976 | 0.035300 | 0.194151 |
| 5 | 132,528,726,036 | 0.033243 | 0.166216 |
| 4.5 | 26,782,817,436 | 0.006718 | 0.030232 |
| 4 | 240,544,812,516 | 0.060338 | 0.241351 |
| 3 | 51,462,003,780 | 0.012909 | 0.038726 |
| 2 | 859,165,302,444 | 0.215511 | 0.431022 |
| 1.5 | 11,157,384 | 0.000003 | 0.000004 |
| 1 | 356,744,817,336 | 0.089485 | 0.089485 |
| 0 | 842,169,384 | 0.000211 | 0.000000 |
| -2 | 938,364,828,496 | 0.235377 | -0.470754 |
| -2.5 | 8,290,346,628 | 0.002080 | -0.005199 |
| -3 | 1,106,499,736,032 | 0.277552 | -0.832655 |
| -5 | 45,115,566,024 | 0.011317 | -0.056583 |
| Total | 3,986,646,103,440 | 1.000000 | -0.034189 |
The bottom right cell of the table above shows a house edge of 3.42%. This is the ratio of the expected player loss to the Ante bet. One might argue that since the Super Bonus bet is required I define the house edge as the expected loss to the sum of the required starting bets. However, in the interests of consistency with how the term is defined in other games, I choose to base the house edge on the Ante only. So, for every $100 you bet on the Ante you can expect to lose $3.42 between the Ante, Raise, and Super Bonus combined.
The standard deviation is 3.13, based on the Ante bet.
Overall the player has a 18.56% chance of making a big raise, 57.93% for a small raise, and 23.51% for folding, for an average final wager of 3.14 units. Thus, the element of risk of the game (ratio of expected loss to average total bet) is 3.42%/3.14 = 1.09%.
Queens Up
As far as I know, there are four pay tables available for the Queens Up, according to the choice of casino management. Most Las Vegas casinos use pay table 4.
Queens Up Pay Tables
| Player Hand | Pay Table 1 | Pay Table 2 | Pay Table 3 | Pay Table 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Four of a kind | 50 to 1 | 50 to 1 | 50 to 1 | 50 to 1 |
| Straight flush | 30 to 1 | 40 to 1 | 30 to 1 | 40 to 1 |
| Three of a kind | 9 to 1 | 8 to 1 | 8 to 1 | 7 to 1 |
| Flush | 4 to 1 | 4 to 1 | 4 to 1 | 4 to 1 |
| Straight | 3 to 1 | 3 to 1 | 3 to 1 | 3 to 1 |
| Two pair | 2 to 1 | 2 to 1 | 2 to 1 | 2 to 1 |
| Pair of queens or better | 1 to 1 | 1 to 1 | 1 to 1 | 1 to 1 |
Queens Up — Pay Table 1
| Event | Pays | Combinations | Probability | Return |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Four of a kind | 50 | 624 | 0.000240 | 0.012005 |
| Straight flush | 30 | 2,072 | 0.000797 | 0.023917 |
| Three of a kind | 9 | 58,656 | 0.022569 | 0.203121 |
| Flush | 4 | 114,616 | 0.044101 | 0.176403 |
| Straight | 3 | 101,808 | 0.039173 | 0.117518 |
| Two pair | 2 | 123,552 | 0.047539 | 0.095078 |
| Pair of Qs to As | 1 | 242,916 | 0.093467 | 0.093467 |
| Loser | -1 | 1,954,716 | 0.752115 | -0.752115 |
| Total | 2,598,960 | 1.000000 | -0.030606 |
Queens Up — Pay Table 2
| Event | Pays | Combinations | Probability | Return |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Four of a kind | 50 | 624 | 0.000240 | 0.012005 |
| Straight flush | 40 | 2,072 | 0.000797 | 0.031890 |
| Three of a kind | 8 | 58,656 | 0.022569 | 0.180552 |
| Flush | 4 | 114,616 | 0.044101 | 0.176403 |
| Straight | 3 | 101,808 | 0.039173 | 0.117518 |
| Two pair | 2 | 123,552 | 0.047539 | 0.095078 |
| Pair of Qs to As | 1 | 242,916 | 0.093467 | 0.093467 |
| Loser | -1 | 1,954,716 | 0.752115 | -0.752115 |
| Total | 2,598,960 | 1.000000 | -0.045203 |
Queens Up — Pay Table 3
| Event | Pays | Combinations | Probability | Return |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Four of a kind | 50 | 624 | 0.000240 | 0.012005 |
| Straight flush | 30 | 2,072 | 0.000797 | 0.023917 |
| Three of a kind | 8 | 58,656 | 0.022569 | 0.180552 |
| Flush | 4 | 114,616 | 0.044101 | 0.176403 |
| Straight | 3 | 101,808 | 0.039173 | 0.117518 |
| Two pair | 2 | 123,552 | 0.047539 | 0.095078 |
| Pair of Qs to As | 1 | 242,916 | 0.093467 | 0.093467 |
| Loser | -1 | 1,954,716 | 0.752115 | -0.752115 |
| Total | 2,598,960 | 1.000000 | -0.053175 |
Poker Trooper
Queens Up — Pay Table 4
| Event | Pays | Combinations | Probability | Return |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Four of a kind | 50 | 624 | 0.000240 | 0.012005 |
| Straight flush | 40 | 2,072 | 0.000797 | 0.031890 |
| Three of a kind | 7 | 58,656 | 0.022569 | 0.157983 |
| Flush | 4 | 114,616 | 0.044101 | 0.176403 |
| Straight | 3 | 101,808 | 0.039173 | 0.117518 |
| Two pair | 2 | 123,552 | 0.047539 | 0.095078 |
| Pair of Qs to As | 1 | 242,916 | 0.093467 | 0.093467 |
| Loser | -1 | 1,954,716 | 0.752115 | -0.752115 |
| Total | 2,598,960 | 1.000000 | -0.067772 |
6-Card Bonus
Some casinos add on a side bet known as the 6-Card Bonus. This side bet is found on multiple poker-derivative games, so I created a special page for it. For more information, please see my page on the 6-Card Bonus.
Millionaire Progressive
This is a $5 'red light' progressive side bet that pays $1,000,000 for a royal flush in spades, using the player's five cards. For all the rules and analysis, please see my page on the Millionaire Progressive.
Practice Game
Before you play for real money, practice your Crazy 4 Poker game right here.
Internal Links
There is also a similar game called Four Card Poker.
External Links
Shufflemaster's official web site for Crazy 4 Poker.
Written by:Michael Shackleford
Claim: The four kings in a deck of playing cards represent Charlemagne, David, Caesar, and Alexander.
Origins: The origins of European playing cards are highly speculative, with Chinese, Indian, and Persian parentage all claimed of them. Despite our lack of knowledge concerning exactly how playing cards came to Europe, we can determine when they arrived with a fair degree of certainty. Although the Italian scholar Francesco Petrarch
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century.
The composition and design of playing card decks varied with time and locale (particularly the number of cards in a deck), but the inclusion of both numbered cards and court cards (or “royals”) — and the division of cards into different suits — were standard features from early on. Italian decks contained fifty-six cards, included four types of court cards (king, queen, knight, and knave) and were divided into four suits (cups, swords, coins, and batons). As the popularity of card games spread throughout Europe and the demand for decks of playing cards increased tremendously, they ceased to be expensive, hand-painted luxuries and became cheaper, mass-produced commodities manufactured by master card makers via the use of stencils. Around the same time, knaves were dropped from the subset of court cards to bring the composition of a standard deck down to fifty-two cards.
As the Spanish adopted playing cards, they replaced queens with mounted knights (caballeros). The Germans similarly excluded queens from their decks, naming their royals könig (king), obermann (“upper man”) and untermann (“lower man”). German card masters also modified the suits, replacing the earlier French/Italian symbols with bells, hearts, leaves, and acorns. The French made further changes, dropping the obermann and re-including the queen; and adopting the German hearts and leaves (the latter turned upright to become the more familiar spade symbol), adapting the club from the acorn, and replacing bells with diamonds (from carreau, a wax-painted paving stone used in churches).
Over the years, various scholars have put forth the notion that the four suits in a deck of playing cards were intended to represent the four classes of medieval society. The Italian cups (or chalices) stand for the Church, the swords the military, the coins the merchants, and the batons (or clubs) the peasantry. Similarly, the German bells (specifically hawk bells) symbolize the nobility (because of their love of falconry), hearts the Church, leaves the middle class, and acorns the peasantry. On French cards, the spades represent the aristocracy (as spearheads, the weapons of knights), hearts once again stand for the Church, diamonds are a sign of the wealthy (from the paving stones used in the chancels of churches, where the
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The French suit symbols were more easily stenciled than their earlier counterparts, and the French card masters soon realized they did not need to engrave each of the twelve court cards separately, as their German competitors did. The French simply created one wood block or copper plate for each of the three royals, printed the cards from them, and stenciled the suits in later. The French were thus able to outproduce German card makers, and so the French design eventually became the standard for most of Europe. It was at about this time that the French card masters also started the practice of assigning identities to the royals pictured on their court cards . All of the court cards (not just the kings) were named, and the identities assigned to them (and printed on the cards) were by no means consistent. The choice of names differed from master to master, often with no apparent reason behind them other than personal preference or whim.
Early choices for the identities of the kings included Solomon, Augustus, Clovis, and Constantine, but during the latter part of the reign of
The French practice of printing names on court cards came to an end with the French revolution in the late
In summary, the court cards in decks of playing cards were not initially identified by name. The assignation of identities to the kings (as well as the queens and knaves) was a temporary practice unique to French card masters that began around the
Last updated: 29 September 2007
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